Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. A key to this was the cooperation between most indigenous elites with the new ruling structure. Spain was driven by three main motivations. They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. England's colonization of North America differed from that of its European rivals. The Spanish conquistadores and colonial empire - Khan Academy Dressing, J. David. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. In 1821 Treaty of Crdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. Las Casas, Bartolome. Most agriculture and ranching supplied local needs, since transportation was difficult, slow, and expensive. The first mainland explorations by Spaniards were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. Castao, Victoria Ros. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. Warren, J. Bartolom de Las Casas was a prolific writer. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. Bartolome de Las Casas | Biography, Books, Quotes, Significance What factors lead to their demise? The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. The two major colonial powers in Latin America were Spain and Portugal.. which of the following is a true statement? In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. Why did the Spanish choose to enslave native people? The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. That was of enslaved Africans. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. apush mcq 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. 84-85. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. Florida was supposedly named because it was spotted on Easter, or the Festival of Flowers as it was commonly called in Spain. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. Their central official and ceremonial area was built on top of Aztec palaces and temples. Two major factors affected the density of Spanish settlement in the long term. The Spaniards persuaded the leaders of Aztec vassals and Tlaxcala (a city-state never conquered by the Aztecs), to ally with them against the Aztecs. They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. In Peru, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) demanded that the Incan Emperor Atahualpa (ca. The Aztecs did not govern over an empire in the conventional sense, but were the hegemons of a confederation of dozens of city-states, tribes and other polities; the status of each varied from harshly subjugated to closely allied. Their legacy is firmly a part of our national story and patrimony, and it highlights the common heritage the United States shares with Spain, Mexico and Latin America. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. The Caribbean islands became less central to Spain's overseas colonization, but remained important strategically and economically, especially the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula-tion. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. There was quite a bit of gold coming in. The Habsburg dynastywho ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spainencouraged and financed a blossoming Spanish Renaissance culture, both, One of this periods most famous works is the novel. The other was the presence or absence of an exploitable resource for the enrichment of settlers. chapter one Inquizitive questions Flashcards | Quizlet Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. pp 9, Warren, J. Benedict. [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. [124] Presidios had a resident commanders, who set up commercial enterprises of imported merchandise, selling it to soldiers as well as Indian allies. Question 2. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. The lack of Gold and the Natives' sophistication. Rowe, John. [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. "Chile: Colonial Foundations" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. [49] Juan de Oate, is sometimes referred to as "the Last Conquistador",[50] expanded Spanish sovereignty over what is now New Mexico. Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. The loss of indigenous population had a direct impact on Spaniards as well, since increasingly they saw those populations as a source of their own wealth, disappearing before their eyes.[57]. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. Direct link to #I'mBatman's post The lack of Gold and the , Posted 3 years ago. But the importation of horses transformed warfare for both the Spaniards and the indigenous. Timeline of the European colonization of North America Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolom de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. The cabildo was composed of the prominent residents (vecinos) of the municipality, so that governance was restricted to a male elite, with majority of the population exercising power. Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Caaris. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Neither was effective in its purpose. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture1996 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBedini1992 (, Cook, Noble David. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. 37 (2) May 1957. [62], The impossibility of the physical presence of the monarch and the necessity of strong royal governance in The Indies resulted in the appointment of viceroys ("vice-kings"), the direct representation of the monarch, in both civil and ecclesiastical spheres. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Central African Empir, Posted 3 years ago. 1875. 1. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed soldiers, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. Motivations for Colonization - National Geographic Society New foods greatly benefitted Europeans, whose population increased, while infectious diseases . Cline, and Javier Pescador, Cook, David Noble. Which statements accurately describe the culture or geography - Brainly Q4 . The Spanish saw these populations as a source of labor, there for their exploitation, to supply their own settlements with foodstuffs, but more importantly for the Spanish, to extract mineral wealth or produce another valuable commodity for Spanish enrichment. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. 378-79. Preview this quiz on Quizizz. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. Direct link to louisaandgreta's post Illness played a much gr, Posted 2 years ago. In Mexico, Hernn Corts and the men of his expedition founded of the port town of Veracruz in 1519 and constituted themselves as the town councilors, as a means to throw off the authority of the governor of Cuba, who did not authorize an expedition of conquest. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Direct link to Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary)'s post The Aztecs witnessed the , Posted 4 years ago. In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. In August 1521, Corts claimed Tenochtitln for Spain and renamed it, Corts was also aided by a Nahua woman called. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. More spanish blood equaled more power. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. [63] Ecclesiastics also functioned as administrators overseas in the early Caribbean period, particularly Frey Nicols de Ovando, who was sent to investigate the administration of Francisco de Bobadilla, the governor appointed to succeed Christopher Columbus. God, Gold, and Glory. When the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus's voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. European colonization of North America expanded through Spanish colonists establishing themselves in present-day Florida in the 1500s and English colonists doing so farther up the East Coast in the 1600s. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. [60] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. Cuba and Puerto Rico were lost to the United States in 1898, following the SpanishAmerican War, ending its colonial rule in the Americas. The capital city of a viceroyalty became of the seat of the archbishop. They also imported cane sugar, which was a high-value crop in early Spanish America. The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux., Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America, This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 16:57. For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. American colonies | Facts, History, and Definition | Britannica For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. Las Casas was officially appointed Protector of the Indians and spent his life arguing forcefully on their behalf. "[61] Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the economies of Spain and the Spanish empire through changes in mercantile and fiscal policies, defend Spanish colonies and territorial claims through the establishment of a standing military, undermine the power of the Catholic church, and rein in the power of the American-born elites.[62]. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. Through such methods, the Spaniards came to accumulate a massive force of thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. In southern Central and South America, settlements were founded in Panama (1519); Len, Nicaragua (1524); Cartagena (1532); Piura (1532); Quito (1534); Trujillo (1535); Cali (1537) Bogot (1538); Quito (1534); Cuzco 1534); Lima (1535); Tunja, (1539); Huamanga (1539); Arequipa (1540); Santiago de Chile (1544) and Concepcin, Chile (1550). In the Caribbean, because there was no integrated indigenous civilization such as found in Mexico and Peru, there was no large-scale Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples, but there was indigenous resistance to Spanish colonization. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. The Spanish became wealthy from mining large amounts of gold C. The Spanish became wealthy from fur trapping D. Spanish colonies were largely established as havens from . During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. To feed urban populations and mining workforces, small-scale farms (ranchos), (estancias), and large-scale enterprises (haciendas) emerged to fill the demand, especially for foodstuffs that Spaniards wanted to eat, most especially wheat. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the locations where slaves were most frequently sent after being transported to the New World on the Middle Passage., Identify the issue that was not a point of contention between colonial assemblies and their respective royal governors., On the table below, click or tap to identify the first colony to have a black . [98][99] The history of the Guaran has also been the subject of a recent study. Direct link to skyler karrick's post i think those dresses loo. [10] Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. As was the case in peninsular Spain, Africans (negros) were able buy their freedom (horro), so that in most of the empire free Blacks and Mulatto (Black + Spanish) populations outnumbered slave populations. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. [20][21][22], The capture of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, by Corts was not a brilliant stroke of innovation, but came from the playbook that the Spanish developed during their period in the Caribbean. Spanish conquerors holding grants of indigenous labor in encomienda ruthlessly exploited them. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Quertaro (ca. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. In 1542 Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas wrote a damning account of this demographic catastrophe, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas. Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. A mixed-race casta population came into being during the colonial era. The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. The. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. Powers, Stephen. [68] To carry out the expedition (entrada), which entailed exploration, conquest, and initial settlement of the territory, the king, as sovereign, and the appointed leader of an expedition (adelantado) agreed to an itemized contract (capitulacin), with the specifics of the conditions of the expedition in a particular territory. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. providing opportunities for colonists to participate in government. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. In Mexico, Bishop Juan de Zumrraga prosecuted and had executed in 1539 a Nahua lord, known as Don Carlos of Texcoco for apostasy and sedition for having converted to Christianity and then renounced his conversion and urged others to do so as well. [78] Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law. [citation needed] In Peru, the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. Why can't they treat the native people with respect?